Stratford-Upon-Avon
River Festival
The River Avon flows as freely through Stratford-upon-Avon as it does through the imagery in Shakespeare’s plays; today from its banks you can see the spire of Holy Trinity church, where the Swan of Avon himself is buried. While the Royal Shakespeare Theatre, in the process of a multi-million pound re-build is preparing to take its place again on the world’s stage, up-river the scene is framed by Clopton Bridge, the original medieval crossing point, which is a vital part of the reason the town has grown, survived and thrived throughout the centuries.
Contributing to that growth July 2009 will see the Stratford’s first celebration of this world famous and loveliest of rivers. Over a summer weekend (July 3rd- 5th) the Avon will be feted with its first River festival. A flotilla of boats will descend upon the river banks to capture the attention of the town’s thousands of visitors. Stratford will be filled with events and riverside entertainments for the family, with a marquee on the riverbank; boat races; concerts on the water and evening performances, and people will be encouraged to bring their picnics down to the river to enjoy the festival atmosphere. (Please note that barbecues are not permitted on Stratford's riverside areas)
The Festival will make full use of the superb location, surely one of the most photographed riversides in Britain, and will appeal to the many tourists already attracted to Stratford, as well as encouraging new visitors.
位址 Banks of River Avon
節慶期間 3July ~ 5July, Start from 0900
費用 Free
Shakespeare Found - A Life Portrait
This exhibition marks a defining moment in the history of Shakespeare’s posthumous reputation. Over the centuries a number of images have been put forward as life portraits of our greatest writer, but at present none of them is generally accepted as such. Up until now, the only two likenesses with strong claims to authenticity have been the engraving in the First Folio, of 1623, by Droeshout, and the bust in Holy Trinity Church, Stratford-upon-Avon. Now, with the emergence of the Cobbe portrait, we are presented with a contemporary portrait that has strong claims to represent the dramatist as he appeared to his contemporaries.
位址 Banks of River Avon
開放時間 0900 ~ 1730
費用 £ 4
Stratford-Upon-Avon
Extra Information - Outline of Shakespeare's Life
William Shakespeare was born in 1564, in Stratford-upon-Avon. Located in the centre of England, the town was (and still is) an important river-crossing settlement and market centre. The register of Stratford's Holy Trinity Church records Shakespeare's baptism on 26 April. He is traditionally said to have been born on 23 April.
Parents/Family
His father, John, trained as a glove-maker and married Mary Arden, the daughter of Robert Arden, a farmer from the nearby village of Wilmcote. John and Mary set up home in Henley Street, Stratford, in the house now known as Shakespeare's Birthplace.
John Shakespeare was a prominent citizen, serving on the town council for many years and becoming Bailiff, or Mayor, in 1568. Besides his craft as a glover, he traded as a wool dealer and was also involved in money-lending.
John and Mary lost two children before William was born. They had five more children, another of whom died young.
Education
As the son of a leading townsman, William almost certainly attended Stratford's 'petty' or junior school before progressing, perhaps at the age of seven, to the Grammar School, which still stands. The grammar school's curriculum was geared to teaching pupils Latin, both spoken and written. The classical writers studied in the classroom influenced Shakespeare's plays and poetry; for example, some of his ideas for plots and characters came from Ovid's tales, the plays of Terence and Plautus, and Roman history.
Marriage
It is not known what Shakespeare did when he left school, probably at the age of fourteen, as was usual. In November 1582 he married Anne Hathaway, the daughter of Richard Hathaway, a local farmer. Her home, now known as Anne Hathaway's Cottage, still stands in the village of Shottery, a mile from Stratford. At the time of their marriage William was eighteen and Anne was twenty-six. Their first-born child, Susanna, was baptised on 26 May 1583. Two years later twins followed, Hamnet and Judith.
The Lost Years
We do not know when or why Shakespeare left Stratford for London, or what he was doing before becoming a professional actor and dramatist in the capital. There are various traditions and stories about the so-called 'lost years' between 1585 and 1592, a period for which there is virtually no evidence concerning his life. One tale tells how he was caught poaching deer in Charlecote Park, near Stratford, and went off to London to avoid prosecution. A plausible early tradition claims Shakespeare was a schoolmaster for some years. When he was growing up, drama was a significant part of Stratford's social life. Not only did local people put on amateur shows, but the town was visited regularly by London-based companies of actors and Shakespeare may have joined one of them. He probably arrived in London around 1586/7.
Early Career
Shakespeare's reputation was established in London by 1592; in that year another dramatist, Robert Greene, was envious of his success and called him 'an upstart crow'. Shakespeare's earliest plays included the three parts of Henry VI, The Two Gentlemen of Verona, and Titus Andronicus.
Shakespeare's first printed works were two long poems, Venus and Adonis (1593) and The Rape of Lucrece (1594). These were both dedicated to the Earl of Southampton, a young courtier and favourite of Queen Elizabeth I, who had become Shakespeare's patron. Most of the Sonnets were probably written about this time, too, although they were not published until 1609.
In 1594, Shakespeare joined others in forming a new theatre company, under the patronage of the Lord Chamberlain, with Richard Burbage as its leading actor. For almost twenty years Shakespeare was its regular dramatist, producing on average two plays a year. Burbage played roles such as Richard III, Hamlet, Othello and Lear.
Growing Success: Man of Property
In 1596 Shakespeare's father was granted a coat-of-arms, and it is likely that in this matter the dramatist took the initiative with the College of Arms in London. On his father's death in 1601, he inherited the arms and the right to style himself a gentleman, even though, at the time, actors were generally regarded as rogues and vagabonds.
Shakespeare's success in the London theatres made him wealthy and in 1597 he bought New Place, one of the largest houses in Stratford. Although his professional career was spent in London, he maintained close links with his native town. Further property investments in Stratford followed, including the purchase of 107 acres of land in 1602.
In 1598, the author of a book on the arts, Francis Meres, described Shakespeare as the best contemporary dramatist and mentioned twelve of his plays, including A Midsummer Night's Dream, The Merchant of Venice, Richard II and Henry IV, all of which date from the mid- to late-1590s.
The Theatres
Drama was a nation-wide activity in Shakespeare's time but only in London were there buildings designed specifically for performing plays. Most public theatres were tall, roughly circular structures, open to the sky, with a cover over part of the stage and a roof running round the edge to protect the galleries. Performances took place in the afternoons, with the actors playing on a raised stage which projected halfway into the theatre. All the women's roles were performed by boys. The audience, which either stood in the yard around the stage or sat in the galleries, represented a wide social mix of people.
In 1599 the acting company with which Shakespeare was involved, the Lord Chamberlain's Men, built a new theatre, the Globe. Situated on the south bank of the Thames, in the suburb of Southwark, it is the theatre most closely associated with Shakespeare's plays, and he was one of the shareholders in the enterprise. Two of his plays, Henry V and Julius Caesar, were almost certainly written during the year in which the Globe opened. In 1613, during a performance of Henry VIII, a fire broke out and destroyed the Globe, but it was rebuilt the following year.
James I and Shakespeare's Late Career
When James I (James VI of Scotland) came to the English throne in 1603 he granted royal patronage to Shakespeare's acting company, which thus became the 'King's Men.' As had happened in the 1590s in Elizabeth I's last years, Shakespeare's plays were presented before the court in the royal palaces, as well as to audiences in the public theatres. In 1609 the King's Men acquired an indoor theatre, the Blackfriars, to use in addition to the Globe.
Some of Shakespeare's most famous tragedies were written in the early 1600s, including Hamlet and, after James I's accession, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth. His late plays, often known as the Romances, date from c. 1608 to 1612 and include Cymbeline, The Winter's Tale and The Tempest.
In 1623, seven years after his death, the First Folio, the first collected edition of his plays, was published. It contains thirty-six plays, about half of which had been published individually in his lifetime. Pericles, not included in the First Folio, has been accepted as his, and he is known to have collaborated with John Fletcher on The Two Noble Kinsmen and a lost work, Cardenio, as well as on Henry VIII which was included in the Folio.
Last Years in Stratford
Shakespeare's elder daughter, Susanna, married John Hall a Stratford physician, in 1607, and gave birth to a daughter, Elizabeth, the following year. Shakespeare's other daughter, Judith, married Thomas Quiney, a Stratford vintner, in 1616. (Shakespeare's son Hamnet, twin brother to Judith, had died in 1596, aged eleven.)
From around 1611 Shakespeare seems largely to have disengaged himself from the London theatre world and to have spent his time at his Stratford house, New Place. In March 1616 he signed his will, in which he left substantial property and other bequests to his family and friends, including theatre colleagues in the King's Men.
Shakespeare died in Stratford, aged fifty-two, on 23 April 1616, and was buried in Holy Trinity Church two days later. Within a short time a monument to him was put up, probably by his family,on the wall close to his grave.
His widow, Anne, died in 1623 and was buried beside him. Shakespeare's family line came to an end with the death of his grand-daughter Elizabeth in 1670.
Bath
Historical Buildings
Thermae ( Roman Baths )
Most Roman cities had at least one, if not many, such buildings, which were centers of public bathing and socialization. Baths were extremely important for Romans. They stayed there for several hours and went daily. Wealthier Romans were accompanied by one or more slaves. After paying a fee, they would strip naked and wear sandals to protect their feet from heated floors. Slaves carried their masters' towels and got them drinks. Before bathing, patrons exercised. They did things such as running, mild weight-lifting, wrestling, and swimming. After exercising, servants covered their masters in oil and scraped it off with a strigil (a scraper made of wood or bone) which cleaned off the dirt.
Roman bath-houses were also provided for private villas, town houses and forts — these were also called thermae. They were supplied with water from an adjacent river or stream, or more normally, by an aqueduct. The design of baths is discussed by Vitruvius in De Architectura.
Building layout
A public bath was built around three principal rooms: the caldarium (hot bath), the tepidarium (warm bath) and the frigidarium (cold bath). Some thermae also featured steam baths: the sudatorium, a moist steam bath, and the laconicum, a dry steam bath much like a modern sauna.
Purpose
The baths often included, aside from the three main rooms listed above, a palaestra, or outdoor gymnasium where men would engage in various ball games and exercises. There, among other things, weights were lifted and the discus thrown. Men would oil themselves (as soap was still a luxury good and thus not widely available), shower,[citation needed] and remove the excess with a strigil (cf. the well known Apoxyomenus of Lysippus from the Vatican Museum). Often wealthy bathers would bring a capsarius, a slave that carried his master's towels, oils, and strigils to the baths and then watched over them once in the baths, as thieves and pickpockets were known to frequent the baths.
The changing room was known as the apodyterium (Greek apodyterion, apo + duo "to take off" here of clothing).
Cultural significance
The baths were an important place in the lives of Romans. Built as public monuments, they were used by everyone, whether rich or poor, free or slave. A person could eat, exercise, read, drink, shop, socialize, and discuss politics. The modern equivalent would be a combination of a library, art gallery, mall, bar/restaurant, gym, and spa.
When asked by a foreigner why he bathed once a day, a Roman emperor is said to have replied "Because I do not have the time to bathe twice a day."
Emperors often built baths to gain favor for themselves and to create a lasting monument of their generosity. If a rich Roman wished to gain the favor of the people, he might arrange for a free admission day in his name. For example, a senator hoping to become a Tribune might pay all admission fees at a particular bath on his birthday to become well known to the people of the area.
位址 Roman Baths, Abbey Church Yard, Bath BA1 1LZ
開放時間 0900 ~ 2200
費用 £ 9.5
Bath Abbey
Begun in 1499, Bath Abbey is the last of the great medieval churches of England. The West Front is unique as it depicts the dream that inspired the Abbey's founder, Bishop Oliver King, to pull down the ruined Norman cathedral and raise the present building on its foundations.
Over the past twelve and a half centuries, three different churches have occupied the site of today’s Abbey: An Anglo-Saxon Abbey Church dating from 757, pulled down by the Norman conquerors of England soon after 1066. A massive Norman cathedral begun about 1090. It was larger than the monastery could afford to maintain and by the end of the 15th century was in ruins. The present Abbey church founded in 1499, ruined after the dissolution of the monasteries in 1539 by order of Henry VIII.
Worship has taken place on the site of today's Abbey for over one thousand years and continues to this day with services taking place throughout the entire week. Bath Abbey's tower is open for guided tours everyday except Sunday. You can climb the 212 steps to the top of the tower and enjoy a panoramic and unrivalled view of the city. Visitors can see the 10 bells and hear how the tower was built.
位址 Abbey Churchyard, Bath, BA1 1LY
開放時間 Sunday 1300 ~ 1430, 1630 ~ 1730
費用 Free
Bath
Houses & Museums
羅馬浴場博物館
Roman Baths Museum
巴斯（Bath），位於英格蘭西南部，鄰近威爾士，集英格蘭的古典美與威爾士的淳樸自然于一身，被譽為英國最乾淨的城市。巴斯風光秀麗，歷史悠久，有許多被列為世界遺產的名勝古跡和自然風景。
巴斯的悠久歷史可以追溯到西元前860年，當時的王子布拉杜德因患麻風病被放逐到亞芳河附近成為養豬人，偶然的一天他發現豬隻喜歡到溫熱的沼澤中翻滾，於是他試著浸泡在冒著熱水的泥中，嘗試幾次後居然將痲瘋病治好了，後登基成國王便建立了這座城市。
西元1世紀，凱撒大帝的鐵騎橫掃歐亞，強大的羅馬人入侵英國，被這裡優美的風光和天然的溫泉所吸引，便將此地取名“巴斯”（即“浴池”之意），發現這裡湧出的熱泉具有療效，便在巴斯溫泉附近廣建浴池，以及兼具水和智慧女神的Sulis Minerva神廟，於是巴斯便成了當時貴族的社交場合，而從此巴斯 （Bath）和洗澡（bath）更劃上密不可分的等號。
而羅馬人在四百年後離去，這座大型綜合水療池也跟著荒廢，直到西元 1880 年時，這個遺跡才再次被後人所發現。身為英國最大的溫泉鄉，目前巴斯每天還是會湧出46多度的熱泉水約200萬公升，據統計有43種礦物成分。 雖然已列入保護不開放澡客入浴，但是前來朝聖的人們依舊不斷。現在在羅馬浴池這邊有可以吃東西和參觀的幫浦室（The Pump Room）與羅馬浴池博物館，博物館內的展覽品包含歷史介紹，重現遺跡，以及西元19世紀當時挖掘出的一些古文物。
遺跡中最有名的就是這長25公尺寬12公尺的大浴池，綠油油的水面和羅馬式的建造，目前溫泉水還是不斷的從2、3公里深的地底湧出，這裡的溫泉水有一股硫磺的味道，但實際是含鐵量較高的關係。
宛如綠寶石的冷水浴場，莫名其妙現在成了許願池一般，池底盡是硬幣閃閃發亮，牆面上利用3D立體投射影像，呈現當時入浴的情景，除了人群交談聲外，還有下水嘩啦啦的配音，十分逼真！在當時羅馬人就已經有三溫暖的概念，除了熱水浴之外，這是冷水浴池，另外還有蒸氣室和烤箱。
位址 Roman Baths, Abbey Church Yard, Bath, BA1 1LZ
開放時間 0900 ~ 2200
費用 £ 9.5
巴斯修道院
Bath Abbey
巴斯修道院位在羅馬浴池旁，是外觀保持很潔白的教堂，很多市區的教堂外觀可能歷經戰火，也可能是汽車油煙等因素，外牆總有塗上一層煙灰的感覺，但是Bath Abbey仍是明亮的乳黃色。正面兩邊有個像天梯造型的雕刻，幾個小天使在攀爬天梯，小天使的動作各不相同， 有努力向上爬的，有往下看的，也有倒掛快掉下來的，很有趣也很特殊的雕刻，多數教堂牆面的雕刻是比較嚴肅的聖彼得和聖保羅雕像，或者是當時的國王雕像。
一走進巴斯修道院，最醒目的就是正前東方的雄偉彩色玻璃，以五十六塊的五十六個情景敘述了耶鮮生平的種種事蹟，包括耶穌誕生到三十三歲被釘在十字架上其間 的許多故事。修道院西面則說明了當初上帝在主教Oliver King夢中，指示如何建造教堂的故事。位在市中心的巴斯修道院建於八世紀，1499年由Oliver主教重建，修道院正面參觀重點是天使攀爬亞口的天梯 通往天堂景象的石刻。 教堂的地板都是一塊塊刻著人名和時間的墓碑，它只是拿墓碑當地磚還是人也埋在底下？其實可能是後者。西方沒聽說有揀骨的，埋了就一直長眠下去， 有幾片牆面也是墓碑造型。倫敦西敏寺也停放不少英國歷代國王及王后棺槨，當然不是每個教堂都這樣，但是從外觀很難分辨。修道院前有個廣場， 廣場上有幾排長椅供路人坐下來休憩，可以聆聽街頭藝人悠揚的小提琴聲， 廣場四周是賣藝品的商店。
位址 Abbey Churchyard, Bath, BA1 1LY
開放時間 Sunday 1300 ~ 1430, 1630 ~ 1730
費用 Free
珍‧奧斯汀中心
Jane Austen Centre
在同性戀街（Gay Street），可以找到巴斯著名的珍‧奧斯汀中心（Jane Austen Centre），中心說實在的就是一間兩層樓的樓房，而在門口處有珍‧奧斯汀本人的模型在此親切的迎接著傾慕者的到來，進到門內其中有一小角是在飯售一些和 珍‧奧斯汀小姐有關的紀念品及書籍的，而其它的部份以及二樓則是收費的珍‧奧斯汀博物館。
珍‧奧斯汀（Jane Austen）1775～1817，舉世聞名的英國作家，擅長於愛情小說，角色刻畫細膩，帶給人一種夢幻卻不離現實，樸實卻優雅，端莊而不失伶俐的美妙揉合，著有傲慢與偏見（Pride and Prejudice）、愛瑪（Emma）、理性與感性（Sense and Sensibility）…等作品。
位址 40 Gay Street, Queen Square, Bath, BA1 2NT
開放時間 0945 ~ 1730 ( Sun )
費用 £ 5.5
皇家新月樓
Royal Crescent
這是1744年當時巴斯一位名建築師小約翰伍德（John Wood the young） 所建造，由三十棟房子連在一起，呈現出新月狀。當時作用是提供來巴斯度假的上流社會人士的度假別墅，現在皇家新月樓1號為博物館，有幾間改成旅館，其他的是一般人家的住所，因而只能從外面看這棟建築設計。排樓前是草皮廣場，可以野餐、嬉戲、作日光浴，在前往的路上有很多不錯的商店可以進去看看，例如設計簡約的北歐風格廚房用品、有趣的西洋棋盤組、陶瓷、水晶玻璃等藝品店。
位址 1Royal Crescent, Bath, BA1 2LS ( Number One Royal Crescent )
開放時間 1030 ~ 1700 ( Number One Royal Crescent )
費用 £ 4 (Number One Royal Crescent)
Extra Information
Number One Royal Crescent
Number One was the first house to be built in the Royal Crescent, John Wood the young's masterpiece of Palladian design. (John Wood the elder, his father, who built The Circus.) The magnificently restored and authentically furnished town house creates a wonderful picture of fashionable life in 18th century Bath, including a superbly appointed dining room, elegant drawing room, a deliciously feminine bedroom and bustling Georgian kitchen.
莎莉露之屋
Sally Lunns Bun
莎莉露之屋是巴斯最古老的建築之一，這間餐廳不顯眼的座立在小巷弄間，一棟都鐸式建築，內部裝飾很有中古世紀的味道，而僅有的小窗前就擺放了餐廳最著名的莎莉露麵包，一、二樓是餐廳茶室，地下室為免費參觀的麵包博物館。
莎莉露之屋是在西元1680年時，一位來自法國的難民Sally Lunn，在巴斯這間最古老的房子裡開始烘焙圓麵包而得名。她做的大大圓麵包，以獨特的口感成為喬治王時代最歡迎的美食，她大概做夢也想不到她做的圓麵包現在會聞名世界吧！
莎莉露圓麵包直徑將近20公分，份量十足，可以添加不同口味的果醬，或是培根、沙拉、鮪魚、番茄等各種配料，下午茶套餐（Sally Lunn Cream Tea）￡4.98，有半個圓麵包，咖啡或茶，晚上提供浪漫的燭光晚餐，最好事先訂位。
在餐廳的隔壁有一個小型的博物館叫做廚房博物館，展示羅馬及中古世紀的房子結構，這也是莎莉露曾經使用過的廚房哦！
位址 Sally Lunn's House, 4 North Parade Passage, Bath, BA1 1NX
開放時間 1100 ~ 1800 ( Sun )
費用 £ 5 ~ 10 ( Free Entrance to the Museum)
帕特尼橋
Pulteney Bridge
帕尼特橋，世界上僅存四座附帶房屋的橋樑之一，位於雅芳河畔（River Avon），於1774年完工，是一條有三道弧形拱門的美麗橋樑。至於為什麼要叫帕尼特橋，是因為當初花錢開發這做橋的巴斯地主就叫做威廉‧帕特尼 （William Pulteney），穿越橋上的路面叫做橋街（Bridge St.），在橋上的兩邊都是小型的藝品商店，也有型的咖啡館，讓大家有空時可以坐在咖啡館內邊喝咖啡邊看著美麗的雅芳河。
位址 Pulteney Bridge, Bath, Avon, BA2 4AY
開放時間 All Day ( Excluded the shops )
費用 Free ( Excluded the shops )
No comments:
Post a Comment